BUTTRFLY.WMF (7672 bytes)

 

 

Exercises

These exercises are designed to be interactive - within the limits of the technology. Each exercise includes a link, labeled "answer," which will take you to the fallacy that appears in that passage. Decide which fallacy you think the passage contains, then click on the answer link to see if your answer agrees with mine. However, it is important to understand that the same passage may contain more than one fallacy, or different fallacies depending on how the passage is read. If my answer does not match your answer, this may mean your answer is wrong. However, it may also mean that you are (correctly) seeing something in the passage that did not occur to me (or that I chose to overlook). It could also mean that my answer is wrong. Bring your answer to class and we will discuss it.

Have fun!

Unit A: Deductive Fallacies

   EXERCISE 1: The Ad Hominem Fallacies                          
             Abusive
             Circumstantial
             Damning with Faint Praise
             Ex Concessis (Guilt by Association)
             Special Pleading
             Tu Quoque

   EXERCISE 2: The Emotional Appeal Fallacies                   
             Appeal to Pity (Ad Misericordiam)
             Appeal to Utility
             Appeal to Fear
             Appeal to Hope
             Appeal to Humor
             Appeal to Gravity
             Jingoism (Appeal to Patriotism)

   EXERCISE 3: The Ad Verecundiam Fallacies - personal     
         
   Invincible Authority
             Unidentified Experts
             Celebrity Endorsement
             Appeal to Confidence

   EXERCISE 4: The Ad Verecundiam Fallacies - impersonal  
             Appeal to Popularity (Ad Populum)
             Appeal to Rugged Individualism
             Appeal to Tradition
             Appeal to Novelty
             Naturalistic Fallacy

   EXERCISE 5: The Personal Appeal Fallacies      
             Appeal to Private Motives
             Appeal to Flattery
             Appeal to Guilt
             Appeal to Force (Ad Baculum)
             Appeal to Bribery

   EXERCISE 6: The Middle Ground Fallacies     
             Dicto Simpliciter
                  a. Destroying the Exception (Accident)
                  b. Destroying the Rule (Rev. Accident)
             Black & White Thinking
             False Compromise (Splitting the Difference)
             Slippery Slope
             Phantom Distinction

  EXERCISE 7: Misrepresentations and Ambiguities
             Straw Man
             Equivocation
             Amphiboly
             Distributive Fallacy
                  a. Composition
                  b. Division

   EXERCISE 8: The Deductive Circularities
             Invincible Ignorance
             Petetio Principii (Begging the Question)
             Vicious Circle
             Complex Question

 

UNIT A: MIXED FALLACIES A

 

 

UNIT A: MIXED FALLACIES B

 

Unit B: Non-Deductive Fallacies

The Inductive Fallacies

     The Errors in Observation
             Tainted Sample
             Experimenter Bias
             Ad Ignorantiam (Appeal to Ignorance)
             Inductive Hyperbole

     The Errors in Sampling
             Hasty Generalization
             Uncharacteristic Sample
             False Analogy
             Uncontrolled Factors

     The Inductive Circularities
             Anecdotal Evidence
             Speculative Evidence
             Fishing for Data (Post-Designation)
             No True Scotsman

EXERCISE 9

The Retroductive Fallacies

     The False Cause Fallacies
             Arcane Explanation
             Non Causa Pro Causa
             Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
             Hypothesis Contrary to Fact
             Gambler's Fallacy

     The False Report Fallacies
             Over-Reporting the Facts

     The Retroductive Circularities
             Appeal to Mystery
             Vacuous Explanation
             Canceling Hypotheses (Conspiracy Theory)
             Infinite Regress

 

EXERCISE 10

 

UNIT B: MIXED FALLACIES

 

Review:

A. Let's begin with some short exercises of the kind you have already seen. However, the fallacies in these exercises are taken from all of the above categories.

REVIEW EXERCISE Ia

REVIEW EXERCISE IIa

REVIEW EXERCISE IIIa

B. In "real life" fallacies usually do not occur just in short snippets, but in the context of longer passages. Spotting fallacies in passages is much harder than naming them in a short example. (At least, most students find it to be much more difficult.) The following review exercises take the form of longer passages so you can practice looking for fallacies in a setting that more closely resembles their natural environment.

REVIEW EXERCISE Ib

REVIEW EXERCISE IIb

REVIEW EXERCISE IIIb

REVIEW EXERCISE IVb