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Civil War Timeline

April 1861-April 1865

Andrew Johnson becomes President after Lincoln’s assassination

4-14-65

Two major issues facing the nation

Subject of national debate

What to do with the states of the confederacy

how to treat them

What is the place of African-Americans

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States had to:

revoke secession ordinances

abolish slavery

ratify the 13th amendment

take an oath of allegiance to be granted amnesty

Southern states quickly enter the Union

New Congress in December 1865

Many Southern representatives are the old leadership

Example Alexander Stephens elected as senator from Georgia

Many Southern representatives are the old leadership

Example Alexander Stephens elected as senator from Georgia

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Black Codes 1865 and early 1866

called virtual slavery by critics

Sharecropping and tenancy

by end of 1865 most confiscated land returned to original owners

20 % of blacks owned land but most sharecroppers

Widened the scope of the Freedmen’s Bureau

Passed Civil Rights Act making ex slaves citizens

Johnson vetoed both but Congress overrode him

Proposed 14th and 15th amendments

Sent them to the states for ratification

States had to do so for readmission

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By 1876 old Democratic elite regained control

Why?

Whites use intimidation to deny voting

KKK

Harassment of white sympathizers

Southern blacks lose support of Northern politicians

Court reinterprets 14th amendments

Private organizations and individuals may segregate

Reasoning

language of the 14th amendment says "no state may deprive any person. . ."

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Segregation is legal

If facilities are equal

"Separate but equal"

Does not deprive African-Americans of 14th amendment rights

Communities could establish schools for whites only

Even if their were no comparable schools for African-Americans

Poll taxes

Literacy tests

Grandfather laws

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Two views on how African Americans should respond

Booker T. Washington

born in slavery

educated at Va. Hampton Institute

founded Tuskegee Institute Alabama

W.E.B.DuBois

born in North

Harvard graduate

studied in Europe

1909 cofounder NAACP

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Homestead Act

Mining frontier

Cattle frontier

Immigration from outside the U.S.

Railroad

Post Civil War

Federal Tribal Policy

Two big reservations after 1867

Oklahoma and Dakotas

Move tribes to smaller reservations

Conflicts between whites and natives

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Chivington Massacre (Sand Creek)

Colorado 1864

Little Big Horn

Montana 1876

Wounded Knee

South Dakota 1890

Tribes couldn’t own reservation land communally

Forced Indians to become individual landowners and farmers

Goal was assimiliation of tribes

Allotted land to individuals

allotted land to individuals but couldn’t gain full title for 25 years

Indian children taken away to boarding schools

Corruption by Bureau of Indian Affairs

Result

Most land never ended up in native hands

By 1907 Native Americans had lost 60% of their lands

Problems

Commercial Agriculture and the market economy

Agrarian Malaise

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Abundant raw materials and resources

Large and inexpensive labor supply

Railroad mileage

Technological innovation

Federal Government support

High tariff

No regulation of business

No government or court support for labor activity

No business taxes

Entrepreneurial talent

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Corporation

Advantages

Trusts

Holding Company

vertical integration or organization

horizontal integration or organization

Definition

How it was used by the government and courts

Gospel of Wealth

Horatio Alger novels

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Unstable economy

High prices

Most wealthy from privileged backgrounds

88% of assets controlled by 1% of the families

Knights of Labor

AFL

Women's Trade Union League

Who could join

Women

Recent Immigrants

African-Americans

Broad goals

Too many divergent groups "all who toiled"

Strikes of 1880s failed

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Who could join

Skilled crafts

Narrow goals

8 hr. day

role of Samuel Gompers

Haymarket riot taints AFL as radicals

Legislation to protect women workers

Protect women workers from exploitation

Difficulty in organizing women

Railroad Strike of 1877

Homestead Strike1892

Pullman Strike 189

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The Age of the City

Chapter 18

Why migration

From rural areas

From outside U.S.

The ethnic city

Differences from earlier immigrants

South and eastern Europe

Less skilled and educated

More Catholic, Orthodox and Jewish

Cultural Differences

Cultural differences

Did not keep the "Sunday Sabbath"

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Housing

Tenements and slums

Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives

Fires, filth, disease, congestion, noise, crime

Elevated railway 1870 New York

Cable cars

Electric trolley line 1888 Richmond

Subway 1897 Boston

Bridge-building

Brooklyn Bridge steel and cable suspension 1880’s

Skyscrapers: Chicago 10 stories

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Where the Boss got his power

needs of immigrants

vote of immigrants

Where the boss got his money

Inside information

Kickbacks

Reform groups mobilize against the corruption

Desire to reform politics and municipal government

Desire to clearly define duties of political office

for accountability

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Late Nineteenth Century Politics

Chapter 19

Commonalities

No overwhelming national issues

Parties even in popularity

Vote tied to religion and ethnicity

Patronage

granting reward for political favors

federal jobs

jobs in postal service

jobs in customs

Patronage

Rutherford B. Hayes

Complaints about patronage

Civil service reform

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Election of 1880

James A.Garfield and Chester A. Arthur

Garfield’s assassination

"I am a Stalwart"

"Arthur is president now"

Arthur’s presidency

Pendleton Act 1883

first civil service reform

jobs filled by written exam

few offices civil service at first

Presidential Elections
1876-1892

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Chapter 19

Munn vs. Illinois 1877

Railroad against granger laws

Court rules railroads can be regulated for the public good

Wabash Case 1886

Reverses Munn decision

States can’t regulate interstate commerce

 

Interstate Commerce Act 1887

Interstate Commerce Commission

Weaknesses

Sherman Anti Trust Act 1890

U.S. vs. E.C. Knight Co. as example

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Grangers

Alliances

Populists

The Populists

Populist platform

Election of 1896

Election of 1896

William J. Bryan

William McKinley

Why the more prosperous times

Why Populism died out

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Why?

What was new?

Proponents

Pre-1896 Policies

Hawaii

Samoa

Latin America

Spanish American War

Background

Problems during the war

Conflict over the Philippines

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Debate

Governing the Colonies

Insular Cases

Open Door in China

Boxer Rebellion 1900

Boxer Rebellion

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Chapter 22

Background

"Accidental President"

• nominated for V.P. with McKinley in 1900

• why

McKinley is assassinated and dies in 1901

Teddy inherits presidency at 42

Mark Hanna quote

• "that damn cowboy is now President of the United States!"

"First Media President"

• "Square Deal"

• "Bully Pulpit"

Teddy Roosevelt and Labor

• Coal Strike of 1902

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Northern Securities Case 1902

A railroad trust

His attorney general entered a suit against it

5-4 the Supreme Court ruled on side of the government

• Said the company must be dissolved

• overruled the E.C. Knight case

The Jungle 1906

Meal Inspection Act 1907

Pure Food and Drug Act 1907

Desire for railroad reform

Desire to close loopholes in the Interstate Commerce Act

Desire to strengthen the ICC

Result

Teddy and John Muir in Yosemite, California

Teddy in Roughrider garb with spectacles

Gifford Pinchot

Managed development

Newlands Act

Accomplishments

Over conservation

Over tariff (Taft refused to veto the slightly high Payne Aldrich tariff)

Over use of Presidential powers

• Taft was a strict constructionist

• Did not speak out against Supreme Court decisions which nullified reform

"New Nationalism"

• Graduated income tax

• Women’s suffrage

• More regulation of corporations

• National health insurance

• Workers Compensation

• No child labor

Graduated from Princeton

Doctorate from Johns Hopkins

Taught Political Science at Princeton

1902 became president of Princeton University

Tariff

• Underwood Simmons Tariff

Banking

• Federal Reserve Act 1913

Trusts

• Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Democrats lose seats in House of Representatives in 1914

Wilson supports new reform issues

Appoints Brandeis to the Supreme Court

Supports long term farm loans

Supports workers compensation for federal workers

Supports federal law regulating child labor

• Keating Owen Act passed 1916

• Prohibited shipment of goods produced by underage persons

• Excluded child labor products from interstate commerce

• Adamson Act imposing 8 hr day on all interstate railways

Dollar Diplomacy

Wilson supported Chinese sovereignty

Bryan with Wilson's support got Jones Act in 1916

• Pledged U.S. to withdraw from Philippines

• as soon as a stable government present

Bryan negotiated treaty of "regret" with Columbia over Panama

Wilson continued Taft and TR's Caribbean policies

• troops in Nicaragua

• troops in Haiti

• troops in Dominican Republic

Wilson and Mexico

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Why?

Congress and the Senate had Republican majorities

Presidents were Republicans

Harding and Vice President Coolidge win 61 % of the vote

Debs ran as a Socialist presidential candidate

received slightly under 1 million votes while in prison

Normalcy

July, 1923--Harding dies of heart attack

Coolidge takes over

Coolidge belief in less activist federal government

"Mr. Coolidges genius for inactivity is developed to a very high point."

"It is a grim…alert inactivity which keeps Mr. Coolidge occupied constantly."

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Coolidge captures 54 % of the vote

Gets 382 out of 531 electoral votes

Government to serve as an agent of economic change

Government goal to help business operate with maximum efficiency and productivity

Policies:

lower taxes on corporations

lack of prosecution of business combinations

cut inheritance tax by more than half

cut federal debt

higher tariff

 

Voluntary cooperation between government and business

Public institutions encouraged this

How?

Trade associations for businesses

work together to promote efficiency in production and marketing

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Bureau of Standards

standardization of design, sizes, styles, tolerances

Government distributed economic information to help businesses

Associations minimized price competition

Confirmed the business orientation of the federal government

Struck down

2 child labor laws

Minimum wage for women in D.C.

Upheld contracts disallowing strikes

Sanctioned trade associations

"The Democrats Ordeal"

tensions between rural and urban democrats

urban decry the KKK and are anti-prohibition

Smith was Irish Catholic, Tammany Hall New Yorker, "wet"

Smith became first democrat since the Civil War to not carry the South

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Hoover wins in 1928

Smith only carries Massachusetts and Rhode Island

Hoover personified the pro-business climate of the time

Name the Program or Legislation

What was it supposed to accomplish?

How was it set up?

What did it actually do?

Did it work? If so, why? If not, why not?

Any criticism of the policy?

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The New Deal

Hoover

FDR

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Introduction to PreWar Neutrality

Background

Investigation by the Senate

Claimed bankers had pressured Wilson

Llittle evidence for the conclusion

Results

isolationist sentiment increases

Neutrality Act of 1935, 1936

Provisions

mandatory arms embargo on belligerents

warn U.S. citizens not to travel in war zone

Neutrality Act of 1937

Changes in policy toward belligerents

only purchase non-military goods

"cash and carry basis"

isolationist sentiment still strong in the U.S.

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From Neutrality to Intervention

Neutrality Act of 1939

Compare with World War I

No U.S. ships to enter war zones

Changes

belligerents can purchase arms

must be "cash and carry"

Start of World War II

1939

German armies attack Poland

Soviet Union annexes Baltic Republics

1940

Spring 1940 Germans attack Denmark, Belgium, Norway, then France

June 22-France falls to Nazis

May 16--FDR gets more defense money from Congress

most for new war planes

Effect of Britain's Plight

FDR circumvents "cash and carry"

trades destroyers for rights to bases

to be built on British territory in western hemisphere

allows British to purchase new U.S. planes

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Public Opinion Shifts

Policy to Aid Britain

Atlantic Charter

How to Supply Britain 1941

British loses to German subs

U.S. navy patrols western Atlantic

Convoy merchant ships as far as Iceland

Relations with the Soviets

June 1941 Hitler invades USSR

Fall 1941 U.S. extends Lend Lease to the Soviets

Undeclared war in the Atlantic

September 1941

German U Boat fires on American destroyer Greer

Greer was giving U-boat position to British

FDR’s response

U.S. ships can fire on German subs

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Escalation of Involvement

October 1941

Nazi subs hit two U.S. destroyers

Reuben James sank and sailors die

Congress votes to arm merchant vessels

U.S. vessels can sail to belligerent ports

Road to Pearl Harbor
Issues Surrounding the Attack

How was the U.S. surprised?

Did FDR know?

Were the policymakers thinking?

Groupthink

Elements:

Closed group

Arrogance on the part of the group

Suppression of doubt

Stereotyping of the enemy

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