Outline for Physiological Psychology 

1)     Introduction to Physiological Psychology

a)     Mind Body Relationship

b)     The Brain and Consciousness

c)      Descartes and his Pineal

d)     Genetics and Behavior

e)     Evolution and Psychology

f)       Development of the brain as methods of studying psychology

g)     Debates and ethical questions raised in this class

2)     The basic elements of Physiological psychology

a)     The basic animal cell

i)       Membrane

ii)     Cytoplasm

iii)   Organelles

iv)   Nucleus

v)     DNA

vi)   Cytoskeleton

b)     Neurons

i)       Cell body (soma)

ii)     Dendrites

iii)   Dendritic spines

iv)   Axon hillock

v)     Axon

vi)   Axon terminus (terminal button) (End Bulb)

c)      Glia

i)       Types

(1)  Micro Glia

(2)  Astrocyte

(3)  Schwann Cells

(4)  Oligodendrocytes

(5)  Radial Glia

ii)     Functions

(1)  Clean and destroy

(2)  Growth and migration

(3)  Feed and insulate

(4)  Grow tumors

iii)   Blood brain barrier cells

(1)  Passive transport

(2)  Active transport!

3)     Chemical processes within the Neuron

a)     Resting Potential

i)       Pores

ii)     Gates

iii)   Pumps

b)     Chemical gradient

c)      Electrostatic Gradient

d)     Action Potential

i)       Na+ gates

ii)     Threshold

iii)   Depolarization

iv)   Voltage dependant gates

v)     Repolarization

vi)   Hyperpolarization

vii) Summation

(1)  Spatial

viii)           Time

e)     Transmission within the Neuron

i)       Myelin and Saltatory conduction

ii)     Other methods of communication

4)     Communication between Neurons and the Body

a)     Synapse

i)       Presynaptic terminal

ii)     Vesicles

iii)   Ca++

b)     Neurotransmitters

i)       Amino Acids

(1)  GABA 

(2)  Glycine

(3)  Glutamate 

ii)     Acetylcholine

iii)   Biogenic Amines

(1)  Dopamine 

(2)  Norepinephrine  

(3)  Epinephrine

(4)  Serotonin

(5)  Histamine

iv)   Peptides

v)     Purines 

vi)   Gasses

c)      Synaptic membranes

i)       Receptors (ligand activated channels)

ii)     Ion channels

iii)   Receptor Types 

(1)  Metabotropic effects

(2)  Ionotrophic effects

(3)  Second messengers effect

iv)   Post synaptic actions

(1)  Spontaneous Firing rate

(2)  IPSP

(3)  EPSP

(a)  Spatial summation

(b)  Temporal Summation

(4)  Enzymatic digestion

(5)  Reuptake

d)     Drug interactions in the Synapse

i)       At the receptor

(1)  Affinity

(2)  Efficacy

(3)  Agonists

(4)  Antagonists

(5)  Receptor blocker

(6)  Receptor facilitator

(a)  Competitive

(b)  Noncompetitive

ii)     At the pre-synaptic cell

(1)  Reuptake inhibitor

(2)  Stimulation of release of transmitter

(3)  Enzyme blocker

e)     Types of drugs

i)       Stimulants

(1)  Amphetamines and Cocaine

(2)  MDMA

(3)  Nicotine

(4)  Caffeine  

ii)     Opiate Drugs

(1)  Opium

(2)  Morphine

(3)  Demerol

(4)  Oxycontin

(5)  Heroin

f)       Alcohol

g)     Marijuana

h)     Hallucinogenic

(1)  LSD

(2)  Mushrooms

(3)  Mescal

(4)  Peyote

(5)  PCP

(6)  Banana Peals

i)       Addictive qualities of drugs (and people)

(1)  DA receptors

(2)  Modulation of DA in the brain

(3)  Nucleus accumbens

5)     General Anatomy –

a)     Central Nervous system

b)     Peripheral

i)       somatic

ii)     autonomic  

(1)  Sympathetic NS – run away

(2)  Parasympathetic NS – sit and relax

c)      Locations and directions

i)       dorsal - ventral

ii)     lateral - medial

iii)   anterior - posterior

iv)   superior - inferior  

v)     proximal - distal

vi)   ipsilateral - contralateral

vii) Coronal

viii)           Sagittal

ix)   Horizontal

d)     Spinal Cord

i)       Dorsal root – sensations (epidural)

ii)     Ventral Root – motor

iii)   White matter – connections

iv)   Gray matter – thinking function

e)     The Hindbrain

i)       Medulla and cranial nerves 

ii)     Pons (more cranial nerves)

iii)   Reticular Formation

iv)   Raphe system

v)     Cerebellum

f)       The Midbrain

i)       Tectum

(1)  Superior colliculus

(2)  Inferior colliculus

ii)     Tegmentum

(1)  III and IV cranial nerve (balance and movement)

iii)   Reticular formation head

iv)   Substantia Nigra

g)     The Forebrain

Limbic system is made from: Olfactory Bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala & cingulate gyrus

i)       Olfactory Bulb

ii)     Thalamus – in the center

iii)   Hypothalamus – below the center

iv)   Pituitary Gland

v)     Basal Ganglia - Caudate and Putamen

vi)   Basal Forebrain –pay attention! Nucleus basalis (acth)

vii) Hippocampus

viii)           Fornix

ix)   Corpus Callosum and Anterior commissures

x)     Cortex – layers, columns and sulci and gyri

(1)  Precentral Gyrus, Central Sulcus

(2)  Postcentral Sulcus, Central fissure, Lateral sulcus

(3)  Frontal Lobe

(a)  Motor area

(b)  Prefrontal cortex

(c)   Broca’s area

(4)  Parietal Lobe

(a)  Somatosensory area

(b)  Visual perception areas

(5)  Occipital Lobe

(a)  Primary visual cortex

xi)   Temporal Lobe

(a)  Oh so many parts…

h)     Ventricles

i)       Central Canal

ii)     Lateral Ventricles

iii)   Third Ventricle

iv)   Fourth Ventricle

i)       Integration of the parts.

6)     Genetics

a)     Blastocyst

i)       Neural Plate

(1)  Neural Ridge

(a)  Neural Groove

(i)    Neural Tube

(2)  Proliferation

(3)  Migration

(4)  Differentiation

(5)  Myelination

(6)  Synaptogenesis

b)     Brain Growth Spurt

i)       Neurotrophin

ii)     Apoptosis

c)      Radial Glia

d)     Growth cones

i)       Chemical gradients

(1)  Stem Cells

(2)  Interneurons

e)     Specific Growth areas!

i)       FAS

ii)     The Face

iii)   Hypertoxicity

f)       Strokes

g)     Recovery

7)     Vision Chapter 6

a)     The eye –coding material 

i)       fovea 

ii)     Retina

iii)   Rods 

iv)   Cones

v)     Optic nerve 

b)     The Ganglia

i)       Horizontal cells 

ii)     Bipolar cells

iii)   Amacrine cells

iv)   Ganglion Cells

(1)  Receptive fields    

c)      The Brain 

i)       Lateral Geniculate nucleus of the Thalamus

(1)  Magnocellular Neurons 

(2)  Parvocellular Neurons

(3)  Koniocellular Neurons

ii)     Cerebral Cortex

(1)  Primary Visual Cortex and Secondary Visual Cortex

(a)  Simple cells

(b)  Complex cells

(c)   Hypercomplex cells

(d)  Feature Detectors

(2)  Ventral stream – What 

(3)  dorsal stream – Where 

(4)  Complex Visual Tasks

(a)  Color vision

(b)  Shape

(c)   Motion

(5)  Blindsight

(a)  Visual Neglect

8)     Senses

i)       Ears

(1)  Hair cells

(a)  Cochlear nucleus

(b)  Inferior colliculus

(c)   Medial geniculate of thalamus 

(d)  Auditory cortex

(2)  Balance

(a)  Hair cells

(b)  Cerebellum

ii)     Skin

(1)  Specialized Neurons

(2)  Free nerve endings

(3)  Hair follicle receptors

(4)  Meissner's corpuscles

(5)  Pacinian corpusles

(6)  Merkel disks

(7)  Ruffini endings

(8)  Krause End Bulbs

(9)  Spinal input

(a)  Transmitters

(b)  Periaqueductal Grey Matter

iii)   Taste 

(1)  Specific receptors

(2)  Papillae

(3)  Different actions for each flavor

(4)  Somatosensory cortex

(5)  Insula cortex 

(6)  Medulla Nucleus of the tractus solitarius

iv)   Smell

(1)  We do not know...

(2)  Open dendrites

(3)  Olfactory Bulb

(4)  Anosmia

(5)  Pheromones?

9)     Movement

a)     Muscles

i)       Smooth

ii)     Cardiac

iii)   Skeletal

(1)  NMJ

(2)  ACTH

(3)  Flexor-extensor

(4)  Fast twitch –slow twitch

(5)  Aerobic – anaerobic

(6)  Proprioceptor

(7)  Golgi Tendon organ

(8)  Reflex arc

iv)   Motor program

(a)  Primary Motor Cortex

(i)    Mirror Neurons – inferior parietal cortex (watching)

(b)  Dorsolateral tract – red nucleus = hands fingers and toes

(i)    Motor Cortex – red, pyramids of medulla, spine and out…

(c)   Ventromedial tract – Vestibular nucleus = neck, trunk, legs

(i)    Motor Cortex, caudate basal ganglia, cerebellum, reticular formation, spine…

(d)  Posterior Parietal Cortex – Visual integration of movement (pay attention in “football”)

(e)  Prefrontal cortex - predicts when you are going to need to move

(f)    Premotor cortex - starts the body in the motion (weight shift)

(g)  Supplementary motor cortex -  (intentions - sequence)

(h)  Cerebellum – movement, motor programs, attention

(i)    Geometrical pattern of cells across the surface of the cerebellum

(ii)  Purkinje – like a fan –timing of a movement…

(iii)Parallel fibers run across

(iv)The more purkinje cells activated the longer the inhibition of the nuclei of cerebellum

(i)    Basal Ganglia

(i)    Caudate nucleus -input

(ii)  Putamen – input

(iii)Globus Pallidus – GABA –high spontaneous firing rate inhibition of movements

10)Biological Rhythms

a)     Endogenous Cycles

i)       Circannual Rhythms

ii)     Circadian Rhythms

(1)  Free running systems

(2)  Zeitgeber

(3)  Temperature graph…

(a)  Length of human rhythms

(b)  Resetting rhythms

(c)   Jet lag

(d)  Shift shifting

(4)  Brain Parts involved

(a)  Suprachiasmatic nucleus (even removed)

(b)  Increase production of chemicals in light

(c)   Retinohypothalamic pathway

(d)  Blood born mechanisms

(e)  Vitamin D?

(f)    Pineal Gland

(i)    Melatonin

(ii)  5-HT

b)     Sleeping   

i)       Electroencephalographic data

ii)     Non-rem

(1)  Alpha waves

(2)  Sleep spindle

(3)  K-complex

(4)  Slow-wave sleep

iii)   REM sleep

(1)  Paradoxical Sleep

(2)  Wild dreams –loose consciousness

(a)  Wake people up during a dream

(b)  Increase the level of connections

iv)   Brain Parts

(1)  Awake

(a)  Reticular formation (formally reticular activating system)

(i)    Pons-to-mesencephalon – relay  activity to rest of cortex

(ii)  Locus coeruleus – attention focus from pons

(b)  Basal Forebrain – learning and attention

(c)   Hypothalamus – histamines

(2)  Asleep

(a)  Reduce stimulation

(b)  Adenosine – inhibitory in basal Forebrain

(c)   Prostaglandins

(i)    inhibitory hypothalamic cells

(ii)  increase gaba cells

(d)  Dorsal Raphe and Pons  

(3)  REM sleep activity

(a)  Pons-Geniculate-occipital

(i)    Increase activity during REM

(ii)  Deprivation increase activity other times

(iii)Awake??

v)     Why bother sleeping?

(1)  Repair and replenish

(2)  Sleeping more each night uses less energy

(3)  Hibernation

(4)  Amount of sleep

(a)  Depends on you

(b)  Sleep Debt

(5)  REM causes body paralysis – which part of the brain would be activated

11)WELCOME TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS The feeding freezing fluid finding fornication formation.

a)     Temperature regulation

i)       Behavior  

(1)  A large pile of baby Rats

(2)  Fluffy cold cat

(3)  Moose in the pool

(4)  Penguin pile

(5)  Put some damn clothes on

ii)     Brain areas

(1)  Preoptic area

(a)  It has it’s internal temperature mechanisms

(b)  Measures information from spine and skin

iii)   Prostaglandin E₁ and E₂

(1)  increase production during illness

(2)  increase greater than 4 degrees can be dangerous.

b)     Fluid balance 

i)       Welcome to the Kidney

(1)  Loops and things…

(2)  Vasopressin

(3)  ADH

ii)     Osmotic Thirst

(1)  OVLT –sensory organ outside BBB

(2)  Supraoptic nucleus -  Vasopressin release

(3)  Paraventricular nucleus -  fluid balance release

(4)  Lateral  Preoptic area – behavior of drinking

iii)   Hypovolemic thirst

(1)  Baroreceptors

(2)  Angiotensin II

(a)  increase blood pressure based on volume

(b)  the sum is greater than the parts

(3)  Subfornical Organ  (SFO) - sensory organ outside BBB

c)      Hunger – 

i)       Your enteric system

(1)  Mouth

(2)  Esophagus

(3)  Stomach

(4)  Duodenum

(5)  Liver – pancreas

(6)  Small intestine

(7)  Large intestine

ii)     Conditioned taste aversions

(1)  Primal influences

(2)  Rapid learning

iii)   Ok now I am hungry what can I do?

(1)  Body parts role in hunger satiation.

(a)  Oral factors

(b)  Stomach and intestinal factors

(i)    Vagus nerves

(ii)  Splanchnic Nerves

(iii)Duodenum

(iv)Cholecystokinin

(c)   Glucose

(i)    Insulin

(ii)  Glucagon

(iii)Glycogen

(2)  Brain parts role in hunger

(a)  Lateral Hypothalamus

(i)    Controls feeding

(ii)  DA release

(b)  Nucleus accumbens – motor actions of food

(c)   Prefrontal cortex

(d)  NTS tastes to cortex (area of somatosensory tract)

(3)  Brain parts involved in satiation

(a)   Hypothalamus

(i)    Dopamine

(ii)  Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN) – measures fullness

(b)  Norepinephrine

(i)    Satiation of hunger with high levels

(ii)  Amygdala

(iii)Olfactory Bulb

(iv)Cortex

(v)  Thalamus

(c)   Hormones

(i)    Leptin – are you full of fat?

(ii)  Neuropeptide Y inhibits PVN

(d)  Weight loss mechanisms

(i)    Muscle reaction to food intake

(ii)  Behavior

(iii)Food for reinforcement

12)Emotions

a)     What is the Function of emotions?

i)       Various emotions have various functions...

(1)  Happiness

(2)  Anger, Fear  

(3)  Sadness  

(4)  Love  

(5)  Stress -  

b)     What is the Function of, how to measure, and how do you to describe them?

i)       Kizmet robot and emotional responses -

c)      Emotional behavior = experience + interpretation of situation

d)     Behavior without consciousness –

i)       walking in sleep

ii)     night terrors

iii)   absence seizures

e)     The border form the brain stem to the cortex is called the limbic system...

i)       Amygdala

ii)     Hypothalamus

iii)   Hippocampus    

iv)   Caudate

v)     Thalamus

vi)   Fornix

vii) Brain damage can stop memory formation, but can also increase memory retention of emotional content:  more later with memory!

viii)           Prefrontal Cortex Damage - lack of social learning and moral development

f)       James Lange theory:

g)     Facial feedback theory

13) Stress

h)     How can stress be good???

i)       Increase peripheral awareness

ii)     Increased muscle strength, and increased Endurance

iii)   Decreased pain reception and bleeding

iv)   Increase concentration

v)     Increase blood flow to important organs

vi)   Decreased need for food, and lower hunger

i)       When can this be bad?

i)       Increased blood flow to the eyes, can damage fine detail image recognition

ii)     Increase likelihood of muscle cramping, and tendon issues

iii)   Increase skin irritation, and skin lesions.

iv)   Increased likelihood of depression, and depletion of neurotransmitters.

v)     High blood pressure, heart disease, strokes, aneurysms.  

vi)   Low body weight, anorexia, ulcers, colitis, IBS  

vii) Hypothalamus - Pituitary - Adrenal Cortex

13)MEMORY FUNCTION!

a)     A function of one part of the brain

b)     A function of many parts of the brain together (equipotentiality and mass action)

c)      A function of many parts of the brain independently (The memory Engram)

d)     A function of many parts of the brain in parallel, both independently and together.

i)       Short term memory

ii)     Long term memory

(1)  Consolidation

(2)  Storage for retrieval.

(3)  Associations.

iii)   Cerebellum – (LIP) lateral interpositus nucleus.

iv)   Hippocampus

(1)  Memory tasks-

(a)  radial arm maze

(b)  delayed response task

(c)   Morris water maze

v)     HM

e)     What are memories?

i)       Declarative – describe in words “I remember when”

ii)     Explicit memories – remember this fact

iii)   Procedural – development of motor skills

iv)   Implicit memories – memories the become a part of your life (do like that nurse)

v)     Temporal lobe and declarative memories

vi)   Think about the hippocampus and the areas of the visual systems stored in the temporal Lobe

f)       How are memories formed?

i)       Classical conditioning in a sea slug

ii)     Long term Potentiation

(1)  Specificity- highly active cells increase potential for firing

(2)  Cooperativity – more than one cell firing on the target cell produces LTP

(3)  Associativity – classical conditioning, increasing memory for associations

iii)   Long term Depression – long disuse, or getting used to a stimulus, (wearing glasses)

(1)  How it works!

(a)  AMPA – excitatory receptor for Glutamate

(b)  NMDA (n-methyl d-aspartate)

(c)   Pre-synaptic cell releases Glutamate

(d)  AMPA receptor lets Na⁺ into the Cell.

(e)  If enough Na⁺ enters the post synaptic cell fires

(f)    (see section ii above)

(g)  NMDA is closed by a cork of Mg⁺⁺ and is normally closed.

(h)  NMDA becomes active lots of things can happen

(i)    NA⁺ enters the cell

(ii)  Ca⁺⁺ enters the cell

(iii)C-AMP activate G-protein things happen

1.     retrograde transmitters

2.     up regulation

3.     increase production of transmitters

4.     decreased membrane threshold

(2)  Why it works….Look back at amnesia and specific areas of the brain…

iv)   Lateralization of brain function…

14)Huh I guess I am not going to have time to finish this…

15)here are some disorders…