Outline for Physiological Psychology – This is a basic outline that will build as the semester moves forward

Outline for Physiological Psychology

1) Introduction to Physiological Psychology

a) Mind Body Relationship

b) The Brain and Consciousness

c) Descartes and his Pineal

d) Genetics and Behavior

e) Evolution and Psychology

f) Development of the brain as methods of studying psychology

g) Debates and ethical questions raised in this class

2) The basic elements of Physiological psychology

a) The basic animal cell

i) Membrane

ii) Cytoplasm

iii) Organelles

iv) Nucleus

v) DNA

vi) Cytoskeleton

b) Neurons

i) Cell body (soma)

ii) Dendrites

iii) Dendritic spines

iv) Axon hillock

v) Axon

vi) Axon terminus (terminal button) (End Bulb)

c) Glia

i) Types

(1) Micro Glia

(2) Astrocyte

(3) Schwann Cells

(4) Oligodendrocytes

(5) Radial Glia

ii) Functions

(1) Clean and destroy

(2) Growth and migration

(3) Feed and insulate

(4) Grow tumors

iii) Blood brain barrier cells

(1) Passive transport

(2) Active transport!

3) Chemical processes within the Neuron

a) Resting Potential

i) Pores

ii) Gates

iii) Pumps

b) Chemical gradient

c) Electrostatic Gradient

d) Action Potential

i) Na+ gates

ii) Threshold

iii) Depolarization

iv) Voltage dependant gates

v) Repolarization

vi) Hyperpolarization

vii) Summation

(1) Spatial

viii) Time

e) Transmission within the Neuron

i) Myelin and Saltatory conduction

ii) Other methods of communication

4) Communication between Neurons and the Body

a) Synapse

i) Presynaptic terminal

ii) Vesicles

iii) Ca++

b) Neurotransmitters

i) Amino Acids

(1) GABA

(2) Glycine

(3) Glutamate

ii) Acetylcholine

iii) Biogenic Amines

(1) Dopamine

(2) Norepinephrine

(3) Epinephrine

(4) Serotonin

(5) Histamine

iv) Peptides

v) Purines

vi) Gasses

c) Synaptic membranes

i) Receptors (ligand activated channels)

ii) Ion channels

iii) Receptor Types

(1) Metabotropic effects

(2) Ionotrophic effects

(3) Second messengers effect

iv) Post synaptic actions

(1) Spontaneous Firing rate

(2) IPSP

(3) EPSP

(a) Spatial summation

(b) Temporal Summation

(4) Enzymatic digestion

(5) Reuptake

d) Drug interactions in the Synapse

i) At the receptor

(1) Affinity

(2) Efficacy

(3) Agonists

(4) Antagonists

(5) Receptor blocker

(6) Receptor facilitator

(a) Competitive

(b) Noncompetitive

ii) At the pre-synaptic cell

(1) Reuptake inhibitor

(2) Stimulation of release of transmitter

(3) Enzyme blocker

e) Types of drugs

i) Stimulants

(1) Amphetamines and Cocaine

(2) MDMA

(3) Nicotine

(4) Caffeine

ii) Opiate Drugs

(1) Opium

(2) Morphine

(3) Demerol

(4) Oxycontin

(5) Heroin

f) Alcohol

g) Marijuana

h) Hallucinogenic

(1) LSD

(2) Mushrooms

(3) Mescal

(4) Peyote

(5) PCP

(6) Banana Peals

i) Addictive qualities of drugs (and people)

(1) DA receptors

(2) Modulation of DA in the brain

(3) Nucleus accumbens

5) General Anatomy –

a) Central Nervous system

b) Peripheral

i) somatic

ii) autonomic

(1) Sympathetic NS – run away

(2) Parasympathetic NS – sit and relax

c) Locations and directions

i) dorsal - ventral

ii) lateral - medial

iii) anterior - posterior

iv) superior - inferior

v) proximal - distal

vi) ipsilateral - contralateral

vii) Coronal

viii) Sagittal

ix) Horizontal

d) Spinal Cord

i) Dorsal root – sensations (epidural)

ii) Ventral Root – motor

iii) White matter – connections

iv) Gray matter – thinking function

e) The Hindbrain

i) Medulla and cranial nerves

ii) Pons (more cranial nerves)

iii) Reticular Formation

iv) Raphe system

v) Cerebellum

f) The Midbrain

i) Tectum

(1) Superior colliculus

(2) Inferior colliculus

ii) Tegmentum

(1) III and IV cranial nerve (balance and movement)

iii) Reticular formation head

iv) Substantia Nigra

g) The Forebrain

Limbic system is made from: Olfactory Bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala & cingulate gyrus

i) Olfactory Bulb

ii) Thalamus – in the center

iii) Hypothalamus – below the center

iv) Pituitary Gland

v) Basal Ganglia - Caudate and Putamen

vi) Basal Forebrain –pay attention! Nucleus basalis (acth)

vii) Hippocampus

viii) Fornix

ix) Corpus Callosum and Anterior commissures

x) Cortex – layers, columns and sulci and gyri

(1) Precentral Gyrus, Central Sulcus

(2) Postcentral Sulcus, Central fissure, Lateral sulcus

(3) Frontal Lobe

(a) Motor area

(b) Prefrontal cortex

(4) Parietal Lobe

(a) Somatosensory area

(b) Visual perception areas

(5) Occipital Lobe

(a) Primary visual cortex

xi) Temporal Lobe

(a) Oh so many parts…

h) Ventricles

i) Central Canal

ii) Lateral Ventricles

iii) Third Ventricle

iv) Fourth Ventricle

i) Integration of the parts.

6) Genetics

a) Blastocyst

i) Neural Plate

(1) Neural Ridge

(a) Neural Groove

(i) Neural Tube

(2) Proliferation

(3) Migration

(4) Differentiation

(5) Myelination

(6) Synaptogenesis

b) Brain Growth Spurt

i) Neurotrophin

ii) Apoptosis

c) Radial Glia

d) Growth cones

i) Chemical gradients

(1) Stem Cells

(2) Interneurons

e) Specific Growth areas!

i) FAS

ii) The Face

iii) Hypertoxicity

f) Strokes

g) Recovery

7) Vision Chapter 6

a) The eye –coding material

i) fovea

ii) Retina

iii) Rods

iv) Cones

v) Optic nerve

b) The Ganglia

i) Horizontal cells

ii) Bipolar cells

iii) Amacrine cells

iv) Ganglion Cells

(1) Receptive fields

c) The Brain

i) Lateral Geniculate nucleus of the Thalamus

(1) Magnocellular Neurons

(2) Parvocellular Neurons

(3) Koniocellular Neurons

ii) Cerebral Cortex

(1) Primary Visual Cortex and Secondary Visual Cortex

(a) Simple cells

(b) Complex cells

(d) Feature Detectors

(2) Ventral stream – What

(3) dorsal stream – Where

(4) Complex Visual Tasks

(a) Color vision

(b) Shape

(5) Blindsight

(a) Visual Neglect

8) Senses

i) Ears

(1) Hair cells

(a) Cochlear nucleus

(b) Inferior colliculus

(d) Auditory cortex

(2) Balance

(a) Hair cells

(b) Cerebellum

ii) Skin

(1) Specialized Neurons

(2) Free nerve endings

(3) Hair follicle receptors

(4) Meissner's corpuscles

(5) Pacinian corpusles

(6) Merkel disks

(7) Ruffini endings

(8) Krause End Bulbs

(9) Spinal input

(a) Transmitters

(b) Periaqueductal Grey Matter

iii) Taste

(1) Specific receptors

(2) Papillae

(3) Different actions for each flavor

(4) Somatosensory cortex

(5) Insula cortex

(6) Medulla Nucleus of the tractus solitarius

iv) Smell

(1) We do not know...

(2) Open dendrites

(3) Olfactory Bulb

(4) Anosmia

(5) Pheromones?

9) Movement

a) Muscles

i) Smooth

ii) Cardiac

iii) Skeletal

(1) NMJ

(2) ACTH

(3) Flexor-extensor

(4) Fast twitch –slow twitch

(5) Aerobic – anaerobic

(6) Proprioceptor

(7) Golgi Tendon organ

(8) Reflex arc

iv) Motor program

(a) Primary Motor Cortex

(i) Mirror Neurons – inferior parietal cortex (watching)

(b) Dorsolateral tract – red nucleus = hands fingers and toes

(i) Motor Cortex – red, pyramids of medulla, spine and out…

(i) Motor Cortex, caudate basal ganglia, cerebellum, reticular formation, spine…

(d) Posterior Parietal Cortex – Visual integration of movement (pay attention in “football”)

(e) Prefrontal cortex - predicts when you are going to need to move

(f) Premotor cortex - starts the body in the motion (weight shift)

(g) Supplementary motor cortex - (intentions - sequence)

(h) Cerebellum – movement, motor programs, attention

(i) Geometrical pattern of cells across the surface of the cerebellum

(ii) Purkinje – like a fan –timing of a movement…

(iii)Parallel fibers run across

(iv)The more purkinje cells activated the longer the inhibition of the nuclei of cerebellum

(i) Basal Ganglia

(i) Caudate nucleus -input

(ii) Putamen – input

(iii)Globus Pallidus – GABA –high spontaneous firing rate inhibition of movements

10)Biological Rhythms

a) Endogenous Cycles

i) Circannual Rhythms

ii) Circadian Rhythms

(1) Free running systems

(2) Zeitgeber

(3) Temperature graph…

(a) Length of human rhythms

(b) Resetting rhythms

(d) Shift shifting

(4) Brain Parts involved

(a) Suprachiasmatic nucleus (even removed)

(b) Increase production of chemicals in light

(d) Blood born mechanisms

(e) Vitamin D?

(f) Pineal Gland

(i) Melatonin

(ii) 5-HT

b) Sleeping

i) Electroencephalographic data

ii) Non-rem

(1) Alpha waves

(2) Sleep spindle

(3) K-complex

(4) Slow-wave sleep

iii) REM sleep

(1) Paradoxical Sleep

(2) Wild dreams –loose consciousness

(a) Wake people up during a dream

(b) Increase the level of connections

iv) Brain Parts

(1) Awake

(a) Reticular formation (formally reticular activating system)

(i) Pons-to-mesencephalon – relay activity to rest of cortex

(ii) Locus coeruleus – attention focus from pons

(b) Basal Forebrain – learning and attention

(2) Asleep

(a) Reduce stimulation

(b) Adenosine – inhibitory in basal Forebrain

(i) inhibitory hypothalamic cells

(ii) increase gaba cells

(d) Dorsal Raphe and Pons

(3) REM sleep activity

(a) Pons-Geniculate-occipital

(i) Increase activity during REM

(ii) Deprivation increase activity other times

(iii)Awake??

v) Why bother sleeping?

(1) Repair and replenish

(2) Sleeping more each night uses less energy

(3) Hibernation

(4) Amount of sleep

(a) Depends on you

(b) Sleep Debt

(5) REM causes body paralysis – which part of the brain would be activated

11)WELCOME TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS The feeding freezing fluid finding fornication formation.

a) Temperature regulation

i) Behavior

(1) A large pile of baby Rats

(2) Fluffy cold cat

(3) Moose in the pool

(4) Penguin pile

(5) Put some damn clothes on

ii) Brain areas

(1) Preoptic area

(a) It has it’s internal temperature mechanisms

(b) Measures information from spine and skin

iii) Prostaglandin E₁ and E₂

(1) increase production during illness

(2) increase greater than 4 degrees can be dangerous.

b) Fluid balance

i) Welcome to the Kidney

(1) Loops and things…

(2) Vasopressin

(3) ADH

ii) Osmotic Thirst

(1) OVLT –sensory organ outside BBB

(2) Supraoptic nucleus - Vasopressin release

(3) Paraventricular nucleus - fluid balance release

(4) Lateral Preoptic area – behavior of drinking

iii) Hypovolemic thirst

(1) Baroreceptors

(2) Angiotensin II

(a) increase blood pressure based on volume

(b) the sum is greater than the parts

(3) Subfornical Organ (SFO) - sensory organ outside BBB

c) Hunger –

i) Your enteric system

(1) Mouth

(2) Esophagus

(3) Stomach

(4) Duodenum

(5) Liver – pancreas

(6) Small intestine

(7) Large intestine

ii) Conditioned taste aversions

(1) Primal influences

(2) Rapid learning

iii) Ok now I am hungry what can I do?

(1) Body parts role in hunger satiation.

(a) Oral factors

(b) Stomach and intestinal factors

(i) Vagus nerves

(ii) Splanchnic Nerves

(iii)Duodenum

(iv)Cholecystokinin

(i) Insulin

(ii) Glucagon

(iii)Glycogen

(2) Brain parts role in hunger

(a) Lateral Hypothalamus

(i) Controls feeding

(ii) DA release

(b) Nucleus accumbens – motor actions of food

(d) NTS tastes to cortex (area of somatosensory tract)

(3) Brain parts involved in satiation

(a) Hypothalamus

(i) Dopamine

(ii) Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN) – measures fullness

(b) Norepinephrine

(i) Satiation of hunger with high levels

(ii) Amygdala

(iii)Olfactory Bulb

(iv)Cortex

(v) Thalamus

(i) Leptin – are you full of fat?

(ii) Neuropeptide Y inhibits PVN

(d) Weight loss mechanisms

(i) Muscle reaction to food intake

(ii) Behavior

(iii)Food for reinforcement

12)Emotions

a) What is the Function of emotions?

i) Various emotions have various functions...

(1) Happiness

(2) Anger,